Acellular Carbohydrates
Refined carbs whose cell walls have been removed by processing — flour, sugar, juice, puffed grains. The energy is "naked" and floods the bloodstream instantly, provoking an insulin spike.
Amylose / Polysaccharides
Long chains of glucose molecules linked together — the scientific name for starch. In whole foods the chains are locked inside cell walls; in refined foods the chains are exposed and digest instantly.
Anthocyanins
Blue/purple plant pigments found in blueberries, black beans, red cabbage, and purple sweet potatoes. Potent antioxidants that protect the brain, reduce vascular inflammation, and inhibit NF-κB.
Antioxidants
Compounds (vitamins, polyphenols, carotenoids) that neutralise free radicals before they can damage DNA, artery walls, or brain cells. The more colourful the plant food, the higher the antioxidant density.
Beta-Carotene
The orange pigment in carrots, sweet potatoes, and pumpkin — a precursor to Vitamin A. A potent antioxidant that protects DNA from oxidative damage and supports immune function.
Bile Acids
Digestive compounds made from cholesterol by the liver, released into the gut to help absorb fats. Soluble fibre binds to bile acids and carries them out of the body in stool — lowering blood cholesterol.
Blue Zones
Five regions in the world with the highest concentration of centenarians (people over 100): Okinawa (Japan), Sardinia (Italy), Nicoya (Costa Rica), Ikaria (Greece), and Loma Linda (California). A shared dietary factor is high consumption of whole carbohydrates, especially legumes.
Butyrate
A short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced when gut bacteria ferment resistant starch and soluble fibre. The primary fuel for colon cells — it heals the gut lining, lowers inflammation, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and stimulates neuroplasticity.
Carotenoids
Orange/yellow plant pigments (beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein) found in sweet potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, and corn. Protect DNA from damage and support immune function.
Cellular Carbohydrates
Whole, intact carbohydrates whose energy is still encased inside rigid plant cell walls — vegetables, fruits, tubers, beans, lentils, intact whole grains. Energy is released slowly, sustaining stable blood sugar.
Cortisol
The primary stress hormone — released when blood sugar crashes (as well as in response to psychological stress). A diet of refined carbs triggers multiple daily cortisol spikes; stable whole-carb eating keeps cortisol calm.
Free Radicals
Unstable molecules produced as a byproduct of rapid glucose metabolism in mitochondria (especially from refined carbs). They damage cell membranes, DNA, and artery walls — the mechanism of oxidative stress and chronic disease.
Glycaemic Index (GI)
A measure of how fast a food raises blood sugar on a scale of 0–100 (pure glucose = 100). A useful guide, but imperfect — it doesn't account for portion size. Glycaemic Load is more accurate.
Glycaemic Load (GL)
A superior measure to GI — it accounts for both the speed of blood sugar rise AND the portion size. A carrot has a high GI but a very low GL because the actual sugar content per serving is small.
Insulin
The hormone released by the pancreas to move glucose from the blood into cells. Also acts as the master "storage" signal — high insulin blocks fat burning (lipolysis). Whole carbs keep insulin low and steady.
Insulin Resistance
When cells become "locked" and no longer respond properly to insulin — caused by intramyocellular fat droplets blocking the insulin signal. The root cause of Type 2 Diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Intramyocellular Lipid
Tiny droplets of fat inside muscle cells that interfere with insulin signalling — the primary mechanism of insulin resistance. Cleared by low-fat, high-fibre whole-food diets that allow the body to burn off this internal fat.
Lipolysis
The biological process of breaking down stored fat for energy. Chronically blocked when insulin is elevated — which is why eating refined carbs all day prevents fat burning even when calories are restricted.
Lycopene
The red pigment in tomatoes, red peppers, and watermelon. A potent antioxidant that protects heart health and prostate health, and is made more bioavailable by cooking.
Microbiome
The ecosystem of trillions of bacteria, fungi, and other organisms living primarily in the large intestine. They ferment dietary fibre, produce neurotransmitters, regulate immunity, and control cravings. Fed by dietary diversity and fibre; starved by refined carbohydrates.
Nitric Oxide
A molecule produced in blood vessel walls from dietary nitrates (found in beetroot, leafy greens). It relaxes artery walls, lowers blood pressure, and improves blood flow to the brain and muscles.
Oxidative Stress
Cellular damage caused by an excess of free radicals overwhelming the body's antioxidant defences. Triggered by rapid glucose metabolism from refined carbs, chronic inflammation, pollution, and smoking. Drives ageing and chronic disease.
PCOS
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome — a hormonal condition driven primarily by chronically high insulin, which triggers the ovaries to overproduce testosterone. Stabilising blood sugar with whole carbs and legumes can help regulate hormonal cycles.
Prebiotics
Dietary fibres that humans cannot digest but that feed beneficial gut bacteria — found in garlic, onions, leeks, asparagus, artichokes, legumes, and resistant starch. The "fertiliser" for your microbiome.
Resistant Starch
Starch that resists digestion in the small intestine and reaches the colon intact, where gut bacteria ferment it into butyrate. Found in cooked-and-cooled potatoes and rice, green bananas, legumes, and raw oats. Acts like soluble fibre without spiking blood sugar.
Retrogradation
The process by which cooked starch molecules realign into a tighter crystalline structure on cooling. This converts digestible starch into Type 3 Resistant Starch — lowering the food's glycaemic impact even when reheated.
Saponins
Natural coating on quinoa seeds (and other plants) that tastes bitter and can irritate the gut. Removed by rinsing quinoa thoroughly before cooking.
Second Meal Effect
The phenomenon where eating legumes at one meal measurably lowers blood glucose at the NEXT meal — even hours later. Caused by slow fermentation of legume fibre continuing to release gut hormones that stabilise blood sugar.
Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
Metabolites produced when gut bacteria ferment dietary fibre — including butyrate, propionate, and acetate. They heal the gut lining, reduce systemic inflammation, regulate appetite, and influence brain function and mood.
Soluble Fibre
Fibre that dissolves in water to form a gel in the digestive tract — found in oats, barley, beans, chia seeds, and apple flesh. The gel slows glucose absorption, lowers cholesterol (by binding bile acids), and feeds beneficial gut bacteria.
Insoluble Fibre
Fibre that does not dissolve in water but adds bulk to stool and speeds transit through the bowel — found in wheat bran, fruit skins, brown rice, and leafy greens. Essential for bowel regularity and preventing constipation.
Vagus Nerve
The longest cranial nerve — running from the brainstem to the gut. The primary communication highway of the gut-brain axis. Gut bacteria signal the brain via the vagus nerve, influencing mood, immunity, and stress responses.